Institutionalizing environmental governance in the City of Manila / 6
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Jacob Sy Tio.
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- xi, 211 pages 28 cm.
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Thesis (Ph.D.)-- Pamantasan ng Lungsod ng Maynila, 2003.;A dissertation presented to the faculty of Graduate School of Management in partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree Doctor of Public Management.
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ABSTRACT: The right to development must be fulfilled so as to equitably meet developmental and environmental and environmental needs of present and future generations. Principles 3, Rio Declaration on Environmental and Development Environmental degradation, which spawns concomitant socio-economic problems, it is phenomenon which almost all countries have to grapple with today. In the City of Manila, economic and industrial growth has proceeded at a very rapid pace, exacting a high toll on the environment. The current governance structure is inadequate to deal appropriately with the increasing environmental challenges facing the City of Manila. The policy environment is incomplete and, therefore, needs to be revisited and augmented. A key aspect that needs to be enunciated is the enforcement approach and the tools that should be utilized. The study to contribute to efforts revitalizing of the City of Manila through environmental improvements by institutionalizing environmental governance. Thus, the study was pursued to: determine the appropriate regulatory approach for the City of Manila to improve compliance with existing environmental regulations for an over-all improvement in the city's environment, as manifested in three specific indicators of air (total suspended particulates), water (biochemical oxygen demand) and the land (percentage of solid wastes collected); to determine the appropriate institutional implementation arrangement including decision-making and delivery of actual regulatory and other environmental services; and to generate the elements for a program of action (action agenda) to implement the policy option recommendations and proposed institutional arrangements. The policy framework will serve to define the most appropriate structure and parameters for environmental governance in the City of Manila. The framework was developed using a mixture of conventional command-and-control mechanisms as well as appropriate economic instruments. It is also meant to take into consideration emerging trends in environmental governance such as multi-stakeholderism and complementation in the governance process. Three policy options were developed: Option 1 - Multi-sectoral Approach to Environmental Governance; Option 2 - Institutional Re-engineering Approach to Environmental Governance; and Option 3 - Modified Status Quo, Complementation of National Environmental Governance with the Use of Economic Instruments at the Local Level. Of the three policy presented, Option 3 was the preferred policy option. The adoption of a ninth pillar - kalikasan - in the Buhayin and Maynila program of the City Government is contained in the proposed ordinance, Buhayin and Kalikasan ng Maynila, for adoption by the City Council of Manila. The Ordinance covers three seemingly independent aspect of environmental governance: policy framework, through the adoption of the Strategic Environmental Action Plan (SEAP); institutional scheme, through the establishment of the Environmental Development Fund (EDP) and the EDF Board, and financial support, through the imposition of the Impact Fees to fund environmental programs and activities. The proposed ordinance also contains an action agenda charting out targets and activities to : integrate principles of sustainable development into the city governance, raise the level of environmental awareness of every Manileno, and improve ambient air, water quality, and solid waste management in the City.