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Identification of Biomechanical Risk Factors for the Development of Lower -Back Disorders during Manual Rebar Tying.        6 
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<br/><br/>   ABSTRACT :  High prevalence of musculoskeletal disorders among disorders among construction workers pose challenges to the productivity and occupational health of the construction industry. To mitigate the risk of musculoskeletal disorders, construction managers need to deepen their understanding of the physical and biomechanical demands of various construction tasks so that appropriate policies and preventive measures can be implemented . Among various construction trades, rebar workers are highly susceptible to lower -back disorders (LBDs) given the physically demanding nature of their work tasks. In particular, rebar tying is considered to be closely related to LBDs because it exposes workers to multiple ergonomic risk factors (repetitive works in prolonged static and awkward postures ). The objective of the current study was to compares the differences in lumbar biomechanics during three typical rebar tying postures : stooping, one-legged kneeling , and squatting. Biomechanics variables including trunk muscle activity and trunk kinematics were measured by measured by surface electromyography and motionsensors, respectively. Ten healthy male participants performed a simulated rebar tying task in each of the three postures in a laboratory setting. Repeated measures analysis of variance showed that while each posture has its unique trunk inclination angle of 60 for static working postures. Of the three postures, stooping posture demonstrated a significant reduction in electromyographic activity of lumbar muscles. The reducedmuscle activity may shift the loading to passive spinal structures(e.g. spinal ligamernts and joint capsules), which is known to be a risk factor for LBD development . Collectively, the result from this study may help explain the high prevalance of LBD in rebar workers. 
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