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005 20250920160659.0
008 150218n eng d
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245 0 _a
_aCross-Sectional on the Association of Toilet to Pupil Ratio and Bacteriuriain in Two Public Elementary Schools in Manila
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_cEsteban, Bernadetted, Eusebio, Maria Eleanor, Evina, Kristine Faith, Flavier, Reuben James, Flores, Eloisa, Galvez, Rodelia Ellaine, Gamboa, Le...Andrea Thresa, Gianan, Jennifer
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_aother
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_aunspecified
_2rdamedia
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_aunspecified
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_aChildren spend most of their time at school. A toilet-to-pupil ratio (TPR) below standard can greatly influence their voiding patterns, predisposing them to bacteriuria. This study determined the prevalence of bacteriuria and the association of TPR and bacteriuria in school children in two public elementary schools in Manila. Inferential cross-sectional research design was used to determine the association of TPR and bacteriuria among Geronimo Santiago Elementary School, the exposed group, with a TPR of 1:622, and Dr. Alejandro Albert Elementary School, as the unexposed group, with TPR of 1:31. Av sample size for both unexposed and exposed group was comprised of 448 students each, from a ratio of 1:1 (number of unexposed: number of exposed) based from the calculation using Epi Info 6 software Statcalc using 50% as the prevalence of the disease in the unexposed group and 1.5 as the Odds Ratio. Three sections per grade level per school were chosen and were provided with clean-labelled contaioners for their urine samples. Collected specimens were analyzed using a Ten-parameter Uritest® reagent and undergone microscopic analysis. A positive result in the nitrite reduction test and/or presence of bacteria per high power field on microscopy is considered positive for bacteriuria. The prevalence of bacteriuria is found to be 47.1% in GSES (with lower TPR) and 39.75% in DAAES (with higher TPR). School children with bacteriuria are 1.35 times more likely to have been exposed to low TPR. The result obtained in this study is statistically significant and showed that the TPR is associated with bacteriuria.
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